Medical Illustration: Discovering and Comprehending Scientific Concepts Through Art

Background. Scientific illustrations and diagrams have been used for thousands of years to portray and relay information. As the different fields of science, technology, engineering and math progressed, diagrams evolved along with the scientific concepts they illustrated. Yet, there is no set standard for creating a scientific diagram or illustration. The field is continually evolving and growing, utilizing multiple dimensions including digital interfaces and virtual reality. Aims. To analyze the research on the use and effectiveness of different multimedia platforms for learning and to examine the effectiveness of learning outcomes using two dimensional vs three dimensional models. A specific focus was placed on level of detail and the role of color in medical diagrams. Another aim of this project was to develop novel medical illustrations and scientific diagrams based on these findings. Method. A literature search from January 1965 to January 2021 was conducted using the key words, scientific diagram, medical illustration, details, engagement, color, dimensions, models, learning, neuroscience, memory, among others. Databases and books from Union College\u27s Schaffer library were utilized. Findings. There was some evidence that the different components that make up scientific diagrams may influence learning outcomes. For example, some colors (i.e. warm) may facilitate learning. The value in the level of detail included in a diagram seems dependent on multiple factors such as subject material, intended audience etc., . It has been suggested that certain artistic styles of illustrations better facilitate learning over others (i.e. cartoons better facilitate learning of medical information over anatomical and CT scan imaging), but the research conducted in the field was limited by inconsistent methodologies across studies. Conclusions. Scientific illustration has real world implications given its use in educating the medical professionals and leaders in STEM fields of tomorrow, yet research on the effectiveness of learning aids is limited. Further research is needed to identify how different sensory information might enhance learning, especially as more digital interface platforms, learning aids, and virtual reality techniques are being developed

Examining The Effects of Dimethyl Fumarate on Relieving Oxidative Stress in Patient Cells with Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL)

Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL) is a group of severe neurological diseases, characterized as progressive encephalopathies that can be found in a subset of age groups: adult, juvenile and late infantile. This lysosomal storage disorder results from a deficiency in PPT1 enzyme - a lysosomal hydrolase which cleaves fatty acid chains, preventing proteins to be degraded, leading to the build up of protein within the cell. While the underlying molecular mechanism behind NCL remains poorly understood, the role of oxidative stress has been postulated as a downstream effect causing neurodegeneration. The efficacy of DMF as a possible pharmacological treatment to aid the downstream effects of oxidative stress caused by NCL mutation(s) was examined within this study. Cell cultures of a wild type, two different NCL2 and a NCL1 cell lines were maintained and treated with a vehicle control, 3uM of DMF or 30uM of DMF. Bradford assay and Western blot were conducted to quantify the protein concentration found within three NCL diseased cell lines as well as a wild type cell line. Immunofluorescent imaging was performed to quantify the number of vacuoles and lysosomes within the cell lines as well. Overall protein concentration decreased as a response to exposure to DMF. The number of vacuoles and lysosomes did not significantly change within diseased cell lines due to exposure to DMF. Collectively, these results suggest that DMF could play a role in relieving oxidative stress associated with NCL and support further investigation of the efficacy of this possible pharmacological treatment